The Fall Armyworm and Larger Grain Borer Pest Invasions in Africa: Drivers, Impacts and Implications for Food Systems.

Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major biosecurity threat affecting globalisation and the international trade of agricultural products and natural ecosystems. In recent decades, for example, field crop and postharvest grain insect pests have independently accounted for a significant decline in food quantity and quality. Nevertheless, how their interaction and cumulative effects along the ever-evolving field production to postharvest continuum contribute towards food insecurity remain scant in the literature. To address this within the context of Africa, we focus on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), two of the most important field and postharvest IAS, respectively, that have invaded Africa. Both insect pests have shown high invasion success, managing to establish themselves in >50% of the African continent within a decade post-introduction. The successive and summative nature of field and postharvest damage by invasive insect pests on the same crop along its value chain results in exacerbated food losses. This systematic review assesses the drivers, impacts and management of the fall armyworm and larger grain borer and their effects on food systems in Africa. Interrogating these issues is important in early warning systems, holistic management of IAS, maintenance of integral food systems in Africa and the development of effective management strategies.

Inseguridad alimentaria nutricional y riesgo metabólico en mujeres adultas de distritos de Lima, Perú / Food and nutrition insecurity and metabolic risk in adult women from Lima, Perú

Introducción: La inseguridad alimentaria nutricional (IAN) es un problema complejo que conlleva a adaptaciones económicas, alimentarias y fisiológicas en las personas, pudiendo impactar negativamente en su estado de salud según el contexto particular.Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria nutricional (IAN) y el riesgo metabólico en mujeres adultas de Lima.Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico transversal, con una población de 373 mujeres adultas fueron seleccionadas 186 que eran atendidas por establecimientos de salud públicos en distritos de Lima. El nivel de IAN se midió con la Escala Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA) y el riesgo metabólico con el test Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Se usó la prueba de Chi cuadrado para medir la asociación y la Razón de Prevalencia (RP) para determinar la probabilidad de presentar mayor riesgo metabólico.Resultados: El 96.8% de mujeres tuvo algún nivel de IAN: 34.9% severa, 33.9% moderada y 28% leve. La prevalencia de mujeres con riesgo metabólico alto y muy alto fue de 59.2%. La asociación entre IAN moderada (RP: 2.15, IC: 1.34-3.43) y severa (RP: 2.98, IC: 1.93-4.63) con el riesgo metabólico fue significativa.Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que el riesgo metabólico se asocia con la IAN en mujeres adultas de Lima. En ese sentido, identificar la IAN pudiese tener implicaciones positivas en la prevención de un problema importante de salud pública.(AU)

Introduction: Food and nutrition insecurity (FNI) is acomplex problem that entails economic, nutritional and phys-iological adaptations in people, which might negatively im-pacts their health status according to the particular context. Objective: To determine the association between FNI andmetabolic risk in adult women in Lima.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observationalanalytical study was conducted, the sample was made up of186 women assisted in public health establishments in dis-tricts of Lima. FNI level was assessed using the LatinAmerican and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA) and themetabolic risk with the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score test (FINDRISC). Chi square test was used to assess the association and Prevalence Ratio (PR) to determine the probability ofpresenting a higher metabolic risk. Results: 96.8% of women showed some level of FNI:34.9% severe, 33.9% moderate and 28% mild. The preva-lence of women with high and very high metabolic risk was59.2%. The association between moderate (PR: 2.15, CI:1.34-3.43) and severe (PR: 2.99, CI: 1.93-4.63) FNI withmetabolic risk was significant. Conclusions: The results indicate that metabolic risk is asociated with FNI in adult women from Lima. Therefore, theidentification of FNI would be positive implications in the pre-vention of an important public health problem.(AU)

Insegurança alimentar, saúde e produção da vida: uma aproximação às práticas alimentares de mulheres de camadas populares à luz da antropologia da alimentação / Food insecurity, health, and life production: an approach to the food practices among low-income women in light of the anthropology of food

Resumo A alimentação, além de imperativo biológico para sobrevivência e saúde humana, é revestida de significados culturais que determinam suas múltiplas expressões na sociedade. Os campos da alimentação, da nutrição, da saúde e da antropologia se interseccionam na discussão sobre práticas alimentares. Este ensaio teórico do tipo reflexivo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a relevância das práticas alimentares das mulheres de camadas populares para possível superação da insegurança alimentar e nutricional, examinando as relações estabelecidas com a comida no contexto da cozinha, de seus corpos e do acesso aos alimentos. O percurso metodológico consiste no estudo reflexivo de caráter exploratório, que recorre a fontes bibliográficas e documentais para alicerçar as análises com base em uma leitura crítica da realidade. A herança patriarcal continua delegando à mulher o papel de cuidadora familiar, o que abarca a alimentação: desde a aquisição do alimento até o preparo e fornecimento das refeições. Propomos que as práticas alimentares dessas mulheres podem impulsionar potenciais mudanças, que serviriam como ferramentas para aplicação de políticas públicas. As reflexões oferecem subsídios para o planejamento de políticas que possam empoderá-las como sujeitos de ação e reflexão crítica, abrindo uma projeção de cenários possíveis para agenciar formas de superação das inseguranças alimentares.

Abstract Food, besides being a biological imperative for survival and human health, is coated with cultural meanings that determine its multiple expressions in society. The fields of food, nutrition, health, and anthropology intersect in the discussion about food practices. This theoretical and reflexive essay aims to reflect on the relevance of the food practices of low-income women for the possible overcoming of food and nutritional insecurity, examining the relationships established with food in the context of the kitchen, of their bodies, and of the access to food. The methodological path followed was the reflexive and exploratory study, which uses bibliographical and documental sources to support the analyses based on a critical reading of reality. The patriarchal heritage continues to assign women the role of family caretaker, which encompasses everything from acquiring food to its preparation and serving meals. We propose that the food practices of these women can drive potential changes, which would serve as tools for the application of public health policies. The reflections offer subsidies for planning of policies that can empower them as subjects of critical action and reflection, opening a projection of possible scenarios for the agency of ways to overcome food insecurity.

O reflexo da pandemia da covid-19 na execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) / The covid-19 pandemic reflection on the National School Nutrition Program execution (PNAE)

Resumo: O artigo objetivou descrever a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) durante a pandemia da covid-19 com base em estudos publicados no período de 2020 a 2023 através de uma revisão integrativa. Naquele momento, a PNAE foi relevante, assumindo a garantia da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) dos alunos beneficiários e apontou para a necessidade de um maior investimento por parte do governo federal brasileiro.

Abstract: The article aimed to describe the execution of the National School Meal Program (PNAE) during the covid-19 pandemic based on studies published from 2020 to 2023 through an integrative review. During the pandemic, PNAE was relevant, guaranteeing the Food and Nutritional Security (SAN) of student beneficiaries and pointing to the need for greater investment by the Brazilian federal government.

The impact of participatory action research and endogenous integrated soil fertility management on farm-gate dietary outputs in northern Tanzania.

In most developing countries, although agricultural extension and research devolved since 1980s to promote relevance, cost-effectiveness, ownership, and sustainability, participatory action research (PAR) have been run, albeit with limited empirical evidence on their impacts on farmers livelihoods. The study use a three-stage extended regression model (ERM) to estimate the effect PAR and the promoted agronomic practices on crop produce dietary outputs considering potential endogenous engagement, omitted variable bias, reverse causality, endogenous covariates, and factor simultaneity. Using a sample of 607 small family farms with varying levels of research engagement in the Northern Highlands of Tanzania, the study found that PAR was associated with increased farm-gate dietary outcomes: per-capita calories, proteins, and minerals produced by 139, 216, and 143 %, respectively, and consumption of farm-produced minerals by 74-200 %. The organic manure application was associated with increased the dietary outputs by 62-113 % while the application of inorganic fertilizer with increased protein and mineral outputs by 68 and 105 %, respectively. The crop diversification was associated with increased dietary outputs by 11-25 % while pest and diseases control with increased dietary outputs by 12-17 % but with reduced consumption by 13-14 %. Soil and water conservation measures including terracing were associated with decreased dietary outputs. These findings indicate that PAR contributes to nutritional outcomes of smallholder farmers contingent on the promotion of low-cost input sources and crop diversification which can be leveraged to inform upscaling of participatory policies, strategies, and technologies.

Food and nutrition public establishments: assessment of the food environment / Equipamentos públicos de segurança alimentar e nutricional: avaliação do ambiente alimentar

Abstract This article aims to assess the community food environment around areas with and without Food and Nutrition Public Establishments (FNPE). Cross-sectional study carried out in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The unit of analysis was the buffer (500m) around the FNPE and the census tracts without FNPE. The investigated establishments should market food for consumption at home and be located within the buffer of the areas with and without FNPE. Data collection performed by direct observation (active search) in August to October 2019. Data collected were location and type of commercial establishments, the density of the establishments was calculated. Descriptive analysis, spatial distribution (Kernel estimator) and Nearest Neighbor analysis were performed. Of the evaluated establishments, 60.5% were in the areas without FNPE and 39.6% in the areas with FNPE, showing a random distribution pattern. Of these, 24.2% were convenience stores and bakeries, 21.0% butcher stores, and 19.0% street markets. Seven FNPE were close to commercial establishments. There were fewer establishments around the FNPE, with convenience stores and bakeries predominating.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o ambiente alimentar comunitário de áreas com e sem estabelecimentos públicos de segurança alimentar e nutricional (EPSAN). Estudo transversal realizado em Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Unidade de análise foi o buffer (500m) no entorno dos EPSAN e dos setores censitários sem EPSAN. Os estabelecimentos investigados deveriam comercializar alimentos para consumo no domicílio e localizar-se dentro do buffer das áreas com e sem EPSAN. Coleta de dados realizada por observação direta (busca ativa) de agosto a outubro de 2019. Os dados coletados foram localização e tipo dos estabelecimentos comerciais, e também foi calculada a densidade dos estabelecimentos. Foram feitas análise descritiva, distribuição espacial (estimador de Kernel) e análise do vizinho mais próximo. Dos estabelecimentos avaliados, 60,5% estavam nas áreas sem EPSAN, e 39,6% nas áreas com EPSAN, apresentando padrão de distribuição aleatório. Desses, 24,2% eram lojas de conveniência e padarias, 21,0% açougues e 19,0% feiras-livres. Sete EPSAN encontravam-se próximos aos estabelecimentos comerciais. Havia menor número de estabelecimentos no entorno dos EPSAN, com predominância de lojas de conveniência e padaria.

Nutritional Profiles of Four Promising Wild Edible Plants Commonly Consumed by the Semai in Malaysia.

Background: An essential dietary strategy to address the rapidly increasing risk of the double burden of malnutrition among indigenous populations around the world is to improve nutritional and food diversity utilizing varieties of traditional plant-based foods. Objectives: The objective of this research was to identify wild edible plants (WEPs) frequently consumed by the Semai and analyze their proximate and mineral composition to improve the adequacy of the local population's nutritional intake. Methods: This study was conducted among 24 informants from 3 Semai settlements utilizing semistructured, ethnobotanical appraisal methods, proximate, and mineral analysis. Results: This research first documents the common names, ethnobotanical names, and uses of 4 WEPs commonly consumed by the Semai: Sayur manis/pucuk manis [Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.], Pucuk ubi (Manihot esculenta Crantz), Saya/aying (Strobilanthes crispa Blume), and snegoh [Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.]. The nutritional content ranged from 3.2 to 7.7 g/100 g (ash), 2.9 to 7.2 g/100 g (protein), 1.5 to 6.2 g/100 g (carbohydrate). The mineral analysis showed that these plants contain considerable calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium content, ranging from 176 to 243 mg/100 g, 0.7 to 2.8 mg/100 g, 295 to 527 mg/100 g, 32 to 97 mg/100 g. A comparative analysis was done with commercial market produce: Ipomoea aquatica, Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis and Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra. The nutrient content for the 3 produce ranged from 1.2 to 2.6 g/100 g (protein), 2.18 to 4.67 g/100 g (carbohydrate), and 0.59 to 1.67 mg/100 g (iron). The results showed that Manihot esculenta had the highest carbohydrate, calcium, potassium, and magnesium content, whereas the highest ash and protein content was found in Diplazium esculentum. Conclusions: These findings show that these WEPs had higher nutritional and mineral concentrations than select market produce and can be used to strengthen food and nutrition security among the Semai. However, additional information regarding antinutrient, toxic compounds, methods of preparation, and consumption is required to determine how much they contribute to nutritional outcomes before these vegetables may be adopted as new crops. Curr Dev Nutr 2023;x:xx.

A Decision Framework for Selecting Critically Important Nutrients from Aquatic Foods.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Aquatic foods are increasingly being recognized as a diverse, bioavailable source of nutrients, highlighting the importance of fisheries and aquaculture for human nutrition. However, studies focusing on the nutrient supply of aquatic foods often differ in the nutrients they examine, potentially biasing their contribution to nutrition security and leading to ineffective policies or management decisions. RECENT FINDINGS: We create a decision framework to effectively select nutrients in aquatic food research based on three key domains: human physiological importance, nutritional needs of the target population (demand), and nutrient availability in aquatic foods compared to other accessible dietary sources (supply). We highlight 41 nutrients that are physiologically important, exemplify the importance of aquatic foods relative to other food groups in the food system in terms of concentration per 100 g and apparent consumption, and provide future research pathways that we consider of high importance for aquatic food nutrition. Overall, our study provides a framework to select focal nutrients in aquatic food research and ensures a methodical approach to quantifying the importance of aquatic foods for nutrition security and public health.

Small fish consumption in rural Myanmar.

Assessments of fish consumption are based primarily on data from household surveys that do not capture information on the intra-household distribution of the size or species of fish consumed. Such studies can yield partial or misleading information about the adequacy of aquatic food consumption. We address this gap by focusing on individual-level fish consumption within the household, using data from a survey conducted in a rural part of the Ayeyarwady Region in Myanmar-an area with high levels of fish consumption. We disaggregate fish consumption by the gender of household members and by the quantity, species, and size of fish eaten, estimating quantities of fish consumed using models for reference, to identify gendered patterns of fish consumption at the intrahousehold level. We find higher average levels of fish consumption than reported in previous consumption surveys in Myanmar. Moreover, small fish are consumed more frequently than larger-sized fish. The popularity of small fish species highlights the continued reliance of survey respondents on wild fish stocks, despite all surveyed households also practicing small-scale aquaculture. The average consumption of fresh fish reported by women was 36% lower than that reported by men. Men were more likely to eat large fish species, but women ate more small fish, which may contain higher levels of micronutrients vital for addressing nutrient deficiencies.

The "Nutritional Prevention" within Italy's National Prevention Plan 2020-25.

Abstract: Italy's National Prevention Plan 2020-25 is the first to address nutritional prevention, highlighting its importance in combating chronic diseases. This letter discusses the relationship between food safety, nutritional security, and the need for nutritional prevention in the plan. Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, are significant public health concerns in Italy, with poor nutrition being a critical risk factor. Incorporating nutritional prevention can promote healthy eating habits, food security and sustainability, reduce healthcare costs, and promote social cohesion and equality. Successful implementation will require cooperation among the government, the private sector, and the civil society to ensure healthier food choices and prevent chronic diseases in Italy.

Da produção aos impactos na saúde e no ambiente: uma análise dos sistemas alimentares de Brasil, Colômbia e Panamá / From production to impacts on health and the environment: an analysis of food systems in Brazil, Colombia and Panama

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os principais componentes dos sistemas alimentares de Brasil, Colômbia e Panamá. Revisão narrativa de literatura dos anos 2000 a 2022, ancorada no conceito de sistemas alimentares do Comitê de Segurança Alimentar Mundial. Nos três países, predomina um sistema de produção agroindustrial, monocultura, uso de agrotóxicos e exploração dos recursos naturais. A área ocupada por produtores familiares é reduzida. As redes multinacionais de supermercados dominam a distribuição dos alimentos, essencialmente nos grandes centros urbanos, apesar da crescente busca por modelos alternativos. Nota-se avanços na regulamentação da rotulagem de alimentos (Colômbia e Brasil) e na tributação de bebidas açucaradas (Panamá). Os sistemas alimentares predominantes nesses países geram importante e negativo impacto ambiental, favorecem o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, a elevada prevalência de obesidade e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e o aumento da fome, violando o direito humano à alimentação adequada.

Abstract The scope of this article is to describe the main components of the food systems of Brazil, Colombia and Panama. It involved a narrative review of the literature from 2000 to 2022, based on the concept of food systems proposed by the Committee on World Food Security. A system of agro-industrial production, monoculture, use of pesticides and exploitation of natural resources predominates in all three countries, and the area occupied by family farmers is reduced. Multinational supermarket chains dominate food distribution, essentially in large urban centers, despite the increasing search for alternative models. Advances have been made in food labeling regulation (Colombia and Brazil) and in the taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages (Panama). The predominant food systems in these countries generate a significant and negative environmental impact, favor the consumption of ultra-processed foods, high prevalence of obesity and chronic non-transmissible diseases and increase in hunger, violating the human right to adequate food.

Heterogeneous impacts of home-gardening on household food and nutrition security in Rwanda.

This study examines farmers' decisions to engage in subsistence home-gardening and its impact on food and nutrition security among farm households in Rwanda under diverse conditions. The study uses a nationally representative dataset from Rwanda from 2012, 2015, and 2018. We employ an endogenous switching regression model to jointly estimate the drivers of home-gardening participation decisions and food and nutrition security outcomes, whiles accounting for selection bias from observable and unobservable factors. We also estimate the treatment effects of home-gardening participation on dietary diversity, food consumption score, and anthropometric markers of women and children. The treatment effects are calculated at sample means and connected to market-related variables, such as land ownership, commercialization extent, and market distance. We find that having a home-garden is linked to improved dietary diversity and better nutritional outcomes. If households have restricted access to land and reside further away from marketplaces, the benefits are larger. In contrast, the benefits of home-gardening are positive and significant regardless of the level of commercialization of production. We also discover that family size, gender, education, access to land, and livestock ownership are statistically significant drivers of home-gardening participation in Rwanda. However, the amount of commercialization did not affect a household's decision to participate in home-gardening. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12571-023-01344-w.

I Plano Municipal de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional de Duque de Caxias (2017-2020): uma avaliação com base no ciclo das políticas públicas / I Duque de Caxias, Brazil, Municipal Plan for Food and Nutrition Security (2017-2020): an assessment based on the public policy cycle

Introdução: O I Plano Municipal de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (PLAMSAN) é uma ferramenta de planejamento, gestão e implementação da Política de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Em Duque de Caxias, RJ, o I PLAMSAN foi sancionado em 2016. Objetivo: Realizar avaliação do I PLAMSAN-DC (2017-2020), utilizando como procedimentos metodológicos uma aproximação do "Ciclo de Políticas Públicas". Métodos: Estudo de avaliação usando elementos da ferramenta "ciclo de políticas públicas" com base nos seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: 1) Análise documental; 2) Revisão de literatura; 3) Avaliação do cumprimento das metas com base nas respostas advindas das Secretarias que compõem a Câmara Intersetorial de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Resultados: Verificou-se que, dentre as 42 metas do Plano, 14,7% foram cumpridas, 34,1% foram parcialmente cumpridas, e 51,2% não foram cumpridas. Conclusões: Observou-se que ainda não há acentuado papel por parte do nível municipal para a concretude de inúmeras ações que necessitam de recursos financeiros. Além disso, verifica-se a necessidade de superação de entraves, sobretudo em relação ao alcance da intersetorialidade e fortalecimento das estruturas componentes do sistema de segurança alimentar e nutricional.

Introduction: The I Plano Municipal de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (PLAMSAN, I Municipal Plan for Food and Nutrition Security) is a planning, managing and implementing tool of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy. In Duque de Caxias, RJ, the I PLAMSAN was sanctioned in 2016. Objective: To carry out an evaluation of the I PLAMSAN-DC (2017-2020), using as methodological procedures an approximation of the "Public Policies Cycle". Methods: Evaluation study using elements of the "Public Policies Cycle" tool based on the following methodological procedures: 1) Document analysis; 2) Literature review; 3) Assessment of achievement of goals based on responses from the secretariats that make up the Intersectoral Chamber for Food and Nutrition Security. Results: Among the 42 goals of the Plan, 14.7% were met, 34.1% were partially met, and 51.2% were not met. Conclusions: The municipality still does not play an important role in the implementation of a number of food and nutrition initiatives that require financial resources. In addition, there is a need to overcome barriers, especially in terms of achieving intersectoriality and of strengthening the structures that make up the food and nutrition security system.

A Política de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional no Brasil entre 2015 e 2019: uma revisão integrativa / The Food and Nutrition Security Policy in Brazil between 2015 and 2019: an integrative review

Resumo: O artigo objetivou analisar a execução da Política de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional no Brasil, por meio de uma revisão integrativa. As potencialidades identificadas foram o controle social e os programas, e as fragilidades foram o déficit de recursos físicos e humanos, a atuação insípida dos conselhos, a baixa adesão e qualificação, e o desafio da intersetorialidade. O fortalecimento da educação permanente e a integração das políticas públicas são proposições para a reorientação dessa política.

Abstract: The article aimed to analyze the implementation of the Food and Nutritional Security Policy in Brazil, through an integrative review. The strengths identified were social control and programs, and the weaknesses were the deficit of physical and human resources, insipid performance of the councils, low adherence and qualification, and the challenge of intersectoriality. The strengthening of permanent education and integration between public policies were propositions pointed out for the reorientation of this policy.

Validação do modelo lógico operacional de uma rede nacional de bancos de alimentos: contribuição para avaliação em segurança alimentar e nutricional / Validation of the logical operational model of a national network of food banks: contribution to evaluation in food and nutritional security

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o processo de validação do modelo lógico operacional (MLO) do Programa Mesa Brasil Sesc (MBS) para a promoção da SAN. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e de validação de instrumento, baseado em documentos legais de SAN, por meio da técnica de consenso Delphi com painel de especialistas. Resultados: O painel para validação foi formado por 12 participantes, atores em SAN das cinco macrorregiões geográficas do país, que analisaram a pertinência e relevância das atividades, produtos, resultados e impactos dos seis componentes técnicos do MBS. Os 103 itens, distribuídos nos componentes técnicos, foram consensuados quando alcançaram mais de 85% de concordância entre os participantes, confirmados pelas análises da mediana e intervalo interquartílico. Conclusão: Esse processo proporcionou um espaço rico e horizontal de discussão sobre teoria, prática e resultados, trouxe reflexões e novas percepções sobre o MBS, e o MLO resultante é valiosa ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de M&A, tomada de decisões e governança sobre o programa.

Objective: To describe the validation process of the logical operational model (LOM) of Mesa Brasil Sesc Program (MBS) for the promotion of FNS. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study and instrument validation, based on FNS legal documents, using the Delphi consensus technique with a team of experts. Results: The validation team was made up of 12 participants, FNS important players from the country's five geographical macro-regions, who analyzed the pertinence and relevance of the activities, products, results and impacts of the six technical components of MBS. The 103 items, distributed in the technical components, reached consensus when they reached more than 85% agreement among the participants, confirmed by the analysis of the median and interquartile range. Conclusion: This process provided a rich and horizontal discussion on theory, practice and results, brought reflections and new perceptions about MBS and the resulting LOM is a valuable tool for developing M&E strategies, decision-making and governance of the Program.

O papel da agricultura urbana e periurbana na segurança alimentar global do pós-guerra à crise da covid-19: novas perspectivas em justiça alimentar, saúde global e sustentabilidade, / The role of urban and peri-urban agriculture in global food security from post-war to the COVID-19 crisis: new perspectives on food justice, global health, and sustainability,

Resumo A atual sindemia global, amplificada pela pandemia de covid-19, evidencia o colapso dos sistemas alimentares atuais. As iniciativas de agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) têm sido reconhecidas como estratégias de oposição ao modelo de sistema alimentar dominante, a partir de seus múltiplos impactos positivos. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a evolução do conceito de segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) no âmbito internacional, desde sua proposição (no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial) até a crise da covid-19, compreendendo quais as contribuições a AUP ocupa nesta agenda. Para isso, o documento estrutura-se a partir de uma revisão crítica de literatura. O campo da SAN evoluiu e foram incluídas diferentes dimensões à sua caracterização, contudo, as respostas institucionais concentram-se em momentos de crise, cujos impactos incidem sobre ela e privilegiam a manutenção de sistemas alimentares globalizados e insustentáveis. Já as práticas de AUP aparecem com picos de ascensão e declínio, a medida em que suas contribuições ganham vão ganhando novos contornos, evoluindo junto com a agenda de SAN. Na perspectiva de ampliar e somar às discussões atuais sobre SAN e AUP, discute-se, finalmente, a necessidade de incorporação dos conceitos de justiça, saúde global e de uma visão multidimensional sobre sustentabilidade.

Abstract The current global syndemic, amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the collapse of current food systems. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) initiatives have been recognised as strategies of opposition to the dominant food system model based on their multiple positive impacts. Thus, the aim of this article is to discuss the evolution of the concept of food and nutrition security (FNS) at the international level from its proposition (in the post-World War II period) to the COVID-19 crisis, understanding the contributions of UPA in this agenda. To this end, the document is based on a critical literature review. The FNS field has evolved, and different dimensions have been included in its characterisation; however, institutional responses are concentrated in times of crises, whose impacts affect it and favour the maintenance of globalised and unsustainable food systems. The UPA practices, on the other hand, appear with peaks of rise and decline, as their contributions gain new contours, evolving along with the FNS agenda. With a view to broadening and adding to the current discussions on FNSand UPA, we finally discuss the need to incorporate the concepts of justice, global health, and a multidimensional view on sustainability.

Alimentação da população em situação de rua no contexto da Covid-19 no Brasil: debate qualitativo a partir do jornal O Trecheiro / Food for the homeless people in the context of Covid-19 in Brazil: a qualitative debate based on the newspaper O Trecheiro

Introdução: A insegurança alimentar e nutricional da população em situação de rua perpassa a negação de direitos básicos, como moradia, e abrange a incerteza do que, quando, onde e como se alimentar. Assim, dar voz às vulnerabilidades e reivindicações dessa população é essencial. Objetivo: Descrever e discutir as principais questões que permearam a temática da alimentação e da comida nas matérias do jornal O Trecheiro, focado nas realidades sociais da população em situação de rua no Brasil, durante um período da pandemia de Covid-19 (março de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021). Métodos: Tratou-se de pesquisa qualitativa genérica com produção de dados a partir de análise documental; adotou-se o método de análise de conteúdo para categorizar o corpus documental e discutir os temas construídos a partir dos dados. Resultados: A "alimentação enquanto direito" surgiu como parte dos saberes e lutas da pessoa em situação de rua. Os temas e subtemas construídos abrangeram alimentação enquanto um direito não assegurado, vinculando-se à não garantia de outras necessidades (terra e trabalho); às saídas para a garantia do alimento e de outros insumos (solidariedade, luta popular); e aos sentidos e significados que a alimentação e os rituais em torno dela possuem para a pessoa em situação de rua. Conclusão: Pensar sobre o cuidado e a alimentação dessa população exige um olhar integral e multifatorial que considere a complexidade do grupo estudado, assim como os diversos aspectos que atravessam as vivências desses indivíduos, como questões estruturais, sociopolíticas e experiências individuais discutidas neste artigo.

Introduction: The food and nutritional insecurity of the homeless population goes beyond the denial of basic rights, such as housing, and encompasses the uncertainty of what, when, where and how to eat. It is therefore essential to give voice to the vulnerabilities and demands of this population. Objective: To describe and discuss the main issues that permeated the theme of food and eating in articles in the newspaper O Trecheiro, focused on the social realities of the homeless population in Brazil, during a period of the Covid-19 pandemic (March 2020 to February 2021). Methods: This was a generic qualitative research with data production from documentary analysis; the content analysis method was adopted to categorize the documentary corpus and discuss the themes constructed from the data. Results: "Food as a right" emerged as part of the knowledge and struggles of homeless people. The themes and sub-themes that emerged included food as a right that is not guaranteed, linked to the failure to guarantee other needs (land and work); ways of guaranteeing food and other inputs (solidarity, popular struggle); and the senses and meanings that food and the rituals surrounding it have for homeless people. Conclusion: Thinking about the care and feeding of this population requires a comprehensive and multifactorial approach that takes into account the complexity of the group studied, as well as the various aspects that permeate the experiences of these individuals, such as structural and socio-political issues and the individual experiences discussed in this article.

Insegurança alimentar domiciliar em um município do sul do Brasil: estudo de base populacional / Household food insecurity in a city from southern Brazil: a population-based study

Introdução: A insegurança alimentar (IA) é caracterizada pela falta de acesso a alimentos em quantidade e qualidade adequadas. Nos últimos anos, uma tendência de crescimento em sua prevalência vem sendo observada, e fatores sociodemográficos parecem influenciar a IA. Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de IA e seus fatores associados em domicílios de um município do sul de Santa Catarina. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional, conduzido em Criciúma-SC em 2019, com indivíduos com ≥18 anos. Todos os domicílios nos quais o chefe da família (indivíduo que contribuía com a maior parte da renda domiciliar) participou da pesquisa foram incluídos nas análises. A IA domiciliar foi avaliada através da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, e características sociodemográficas e alimentares foram avaliadas como variáveis independentes. Para avaliar as associaçõesentre IA e as variáveis independentes, foram realizadas análises ajustadas utilizando-se Regressão de Poisson, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 439 domicílios e 562 indivíduos. A prevalência de IA foi de 25,8%, sendo maior nos domicílios com: moradores entre 18 e 29 anos (RP=1,72; IC95%1,08-2,76) e entre 30 e 39 anos (RP=2,02; IC95%1,35-3,03),de cor parda (RP=1,47; IC95% 1,01-2,13), menores de 18 anos de idade (RP=1,70; IC95% 1,16;2,47),e que realizavam 1-2 refeições diárias (RP=2,29; IC95% 1,15-4,60), todos comparados com seus pares. Ademais, a renda apresentou tendência linear inversa com a IA, isto é, conforme a diminuição da renda, maior a prevalência de IA domiciliar (<0,001). Conclusão: Um em cada quatro domicílios apresenta IA,sendo esse desfecho influenciado por fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e nutricionais. Diante desses achados, será possível direcionar as ações e políticas públicas para agarantia da alimentação adequada à população.

Introduction: Food insecurity (FI) is characterized by the lack of access to food in adequate quantity and quality. In recent years, there has been an upward trend in FI, and sociodemographic factors seem to influence it. Objective: To verify the prevalence of FI and its associated factors in households in a municipality in southern Santa Catarina. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study, conducted in Criciúma-SC in 2019, with individuals aged ≥18 years. The analysis included all families in which the head of the household (individual who contributed most of the household income) participated in the research. The Brazilian food insecurity scale assessed the household FI, and sociodemographic and food characteristics were evaluated as independent variables. The study performed adjusted analyses using Poisson regression, considering a significance level of 5% to evaluate the associations between FI and the independent variables. Results: Four hundred and thirty-nine households and five hundred and sixty-two individuals participated in the study. The prevalence of FI was 25.8%, being higher in households with residents between 18 and 29 years of age (PR=1.72; 95% CI 1.08-2.76) and between 30 and 39 years of age (PR=2.02; 95% CI 1.35-3.03), mixed race (PR=1.47; 95% CI 1.01-2.13), under 18 years of age (PR=1.70; 95% CI 1.16;2.47), and who ate 1-2 meals daily (PR=2.29; 95% CI 1.15-4.60), all compared with their peers. In addition, income showed an inverse linear trend with FI, which means that as income decreases, the prevalence of home FI increases (<0.001). Conclusion: One in four households is FI, and demographic, socioeconomic, and nutritional factors influence this outcome. Given these findings, it will be possible to direct public actions and policies to ensure adequate food for the population.

Sociobiodiversidade na Alimentação Escolar: os desafios e as potencialidades de um campo em construção no município de Mostardas-RS / Sociobiodiversity in School Meals: the challenges and potentialities of a field in construction in the municipality of Mostardas-RS

Resumo Este trabalho busca apreender os desafios que perpassam o processo, em curso, de inserção de alimentos da sociobiodiversidade na alimentação escolar, no município de Mostardas, no Rio Grande do Sul, bem como analisar os possíveis resultados desse movimento in loco. A respeito do percurso metodológico, em decorrência do contexto pandêmico de covid-19, foram realizadas entrevistas por telefone e/ou pelo aplicativo WhatsApp© com atores que tivessem, de algum modo, envolvimento no processo de inclusão de alimentos da sociobiodiversidade no Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, como nutricionistas, comunidade escolar, entidades locais, agricultores(as) familiares e pesquisadores(as). Assim, recorreu-se à abordagem qualitativa, tanto para a geração do material empírico quanto para a análise dos dados. Acerca dos resultados, foram identificados desafios relacionados ao plano da produção, do consumo e do abastecimento. E, ainda, no âmbito das políticas públicas, foram constatados entraves relacionados ao acesso a determinados programas federais, burocracia dos processos e falta de iniciativas por parte do poder público local. Com relação aos possíveis desdobramentos do movimento em questão, os participantes manifestaram repercussões sobre a saúde, a qualidade da alimentação, o meio ambiente e a economia local, o que impactaria positivamente sobre a Soberania e a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional.

Abstract This work seeks to understand the challenges that permeate the ongoing process of inserting sociobiodiversity foods into school meals, in the municipality of Mostardas, Rio Grande do Sul, and to analyze the possible results of this movement in loco. Regarding the methodological course, due to the covid-19 pandemic context, interviews were carried out by phone call and/or by the WhatsApp© application with actors who were somehow involved with the process of inclusion of sociobiodiversity foods in the National School Feeding Program, such as nutritionists, the school community, local entities, family farmers, and researchers. Thus, a qualitative approach was used, both for the generation of empirical material and for data analysis. Regarding the results, challenges related to the production, consumption, and supply plan were identified. And yet, in the scope of public policies, obstacles related to access to certain federal programs, bureaucracy of processes, and lack of initiatives on the part of the local government were found. Regarding the possible developments of the movement in question, the participants expressed repercussions on health, food quality, the environment, and the local economy, which would positively impact Food and Nutrition Sovereignty and Security.